ការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកអ្នកទិញ

Welcome to all my beloved readers!

ESP Educational Class

Mrs.ET Sopheak

Tel: 012289363 /0976469625

ការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកអ្នកទិញ

៣ចំណុច យល់ដឹងអំពីការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកអ្នកទិញ

បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះមានប្រជាពលរដ្ឋជាច្រើន មិនទាន់មានការយល់ដឹងពីការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ឬ ​ផ្ទះសម្បែងពីម្ចាស់ដើមទៅអ្នកទិញនោះទេ ។ ហើយដំណើរការនៃការកាត់ប្លង់ដី (អចលនទ្រព្យ) ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិពីម្ចាស់ដីដើម មកឈ្មោះអ្នកទិញ ហើយអ្នកមិនចង់ចំណាយប្រាក់ច្រើនក្នុងការស្នើរសុំភ្នាក់ងារសុរិយោដីឱ្យជួយរត់ការឱ្យ ។ ករណីនេះចំពោះតែប្តីប្រពន្ធ ជាម្ចាស់ដី ដែលមានជីវិតរស់នៅតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។

ចំពោះដំណើរការនៃការកាត់ប្លង់ដី ឬ អចលនទ្រព្យ គឺមានដូចខាងក្រោមនេះ ៖

១.អ្នកទិញត្រូវនាំម្ចាស់ដីដើមទាំងប្តីប្រពន្ធ និង សាក្សីម្នាក់ ដោយភ្ជាប់ជាមួយ (ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម អត្តសញ្ញាណប័ណ្ណ ឬសំបុត្រកំណើត និង សៀវភៅគ្រួសារថតចម្លង រួមទាំងអត្តសញ្ញាណបណ្ណអ្នកទិញ ទៅទីស្នាក់ការសុរិយោដីស្រុក ដើម្បីបំពេញលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ រួចផ្តិតមេដៃយល់ព្រមទាំងអស់គ្នា។ បុគ្គលិកសុរិយោដីស្រុកជាអ្នកបំពេញលើឯកសារពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់នេះ ។

២.ក្រោយពីបំពេញលើលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ និង ផ្តិតមេដៃ ចំពោះមុខបុគ្គលិកសុរិយោដៃរួច ។ បន្ទាប់មកម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ទៅជួបមេភូមិដើម្បីសុំហត្ថលេខាពីគាត់ រួចយកជួបមេឃុំដើម្បីសុំហត្ថលេខា បោះត្រា (មេភូមិ និង មេឃុំមានសិទ្ធិហត្ថលេខា និង បោះត្រាតែលើលិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិប៉ុណ្ណោះ)។ បន្ទាប់មកទៀតត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិទៅប្រគល់ជូនប្រធានមន្ទីសុរិយោដីស្រុកវិញ ដើម្បីហត្ថលេខាសម្រេច និង បោះត្រាបញ្ចប់ការផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិត្រឹមស្រុក។ តម្លៃសេវាសុរិយោដីស្រុកគឺចំនួន ២០ ម៉ឺនរៀលក្នុងដីមួយប្លង់ទោះបីធំ ឬតូចប៉ុនណាក៏ដោយ ដែលជាប្រភេទដីកសិកម្ម ។

ត្រឹមដំណាក់កាលនេះ អាចជាដំណាក់កាល ៥០% នៃដំណើរការផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ប៉ុន្តែប្លង់ដីដដែល គឺនៅតែជាប់ឈ្មោះម្ចាស់ដីដើមនៅឡើយ តែគ្រាន់តែមានលិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ និង លក់ផ្តាច់អមជាមួយដោយស្របច្បាប់ មានន័យអំណះអំណាងថា អ្នកបានទិញរួចហើយ។ អ្នកអាចបន្តដំណើរការកាត់ប្លង់ដីមកជាឈ្មោះអ្នក ដោយបន្តដំណាក់កាលតទៅមុខទៀតដូចតទៅ ៖

ចំពោះដំណាក់កាលចុងក្រោយ ប្រសិនបើអ្នកចង់បានឈ្មោះនៅលើប្លង់ដី ដែលអ្នកបានទិញពីម្ចាស់ដើម ដោយប្តូរឈ្មោះកម្មសិទ្ធិពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកជាឈ្មោះអ្នកវិញ គឺត្រូវអនុវត្តដូចខាងក្រោមនេះ ៖

៣. ម្ចាស់ដី ឬក៏ជាអ្នកទិញ ត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ដែលបានធ្វើរួចរាល់ពីការិយាល័យសុរិយោដីស្រុក យកទៅកាន់មន្ទីរសុរិយោដីខេត្តដើម្បីត្រួតពិនិត្យឡើងវិញ និងបោះត្រាបញ្ជាក់ថា មានឯកសារបញ្ជាក់លិខិតស្នាមគ្រប់គ្រាន់ និង អនុវត្តគ្រប់តាមនីតិវិធី។ រួចត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិទៅបង់ពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រ ប្រាក់ ៤% នៃតម្លៃដីតាមច្បាប់កំណត់នៅឯពន្ធដាខេត្ត ដោយរង់ចាំរយៈពេលមួយខែ ដើម្បីវាយតម្លៃដីក្នុងតំបន់។ បន្ទាប់ពីវាយតម្លៃដី និង គណនាពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រារួច ខាងពន្ធដាខេត្ត នឹងទាក់ទងទៅម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញដើម្បីមកបងពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រា ៤% រួចដកយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិត្រឡប់មកវិញ។ បន្ទាប់ពីបានបង់ពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រារួច ម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង លិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិនោះ ទៅមន្ទីសុរិយោដីខេត្តវិញ ដើម្បីចុះហត្ថលេខា និង បោះត្រាសម្រេចដោយជោគជ័យពីប្លង់ដីឈ្មោះម្ចាស់ដើម មកឈ្មោះអ្នកទិញ ដោយបង់ថ្លៃសេវាចំនួន ២០ម៉ឺនរៀល ដើម្បីចេញជាប្លង់ដីថ្មី ជាឈ្មោះកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់អ្នកទិញ។ រយៈពេលទទួលបានប្លង់ថ្មីអាចចន្លោះពី៣ខែ ទៅ៦ខែ ៕

«ឯកសា ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី-ផ្ទះ »

Welcome to all my beloved readers!

ESP Educational Class

Mrs.ET Sopheak

Tel: 012289363 /0976469625

 «ឯកសារ ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី-ផ្ទះ »

ចំណុច យល់ដឹងអំពីការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកអ្នកទិញ

បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះមានប្រជាពលរដ្ឋជាច្រើន មិនទាន់មានការយល់ដឹងពីការផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិ ឬ កាត់ប្លង់ដី ឬ ​ផ្ទះសម្បែងពីម្ចាស់ដើមទៅអ្នកទិញនោះទេ ។ ហើយដំណើរការនៃការកាត់ប្លង់ដី (អចលនទ្រព្យ) ផ្ទេរកម្មសិទ្ធិពីម្ចាស់ដីដើម មកឈ្មោះអ្នកទិញ ហើយអ្នកមិនចង់ចំណាយប្រាក់ច្រើនក្នុងការស្នើរសុំភ្នាក់ងារសុរិយោដីឱ្យជួយរត់ការឱ្យ ។ ករណីនេះចំពោះតែប្តីប្រពន្ធ ជាម្ចាស់ដី ដែលមានជីវិតរស់នៅតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។

ចំពោះដំណើរការនៃការកាត់ប្លង់ដី ឬ អចលនទ្រព្យ គឺមានដូចខាងក្រោមនេះ ៖

១.អ្នកទិញត្រូវនាំម្ចាស់ដីដើមទាំងប្តីប្រពន្ធ និង សាក្សីម្នាក់ ដោយភ្ជាប់ជាមួយ (ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម អត្តសញ្ញាណប័ណ្ណ ឬសំបុត្រកំណើត និង សៀវភៅគ្រួសារថតចម្លង រួមទាំងអត្តសញ្ញាណបណ្ណអ្នកទិញ ទៅទីស្នាក់ការសុរិយោដីស្រុក ដើម្បីបំពេញលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ រួចផ្តិតមេដៃយល់ព្រមទាំងអស់គ្នា។ បុគ្គលិកសុរិយោដីស្រុកជាអ្នកបំពេញលើឯកសារពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់នេះ ។

២.ក្រោយពីបំពេញលើលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ និង ផ្តិតមេដៃ ចំពោះមុខបុគ្គលិកសុរិយោដៃរួច ។ បន្ទាប់មកម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ទៅជួបមេភូមិដើម្បីសុំហត្ថលេខាពីគាត់ រួចយកជួបមេឃុំដើម្បីសុំហត្ថលេខា បោះត្រា (មេភូមិ និង មេឃុំមានសិទ្ធិហត្ថលេខា និង បោះត្រាតែលើលិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិប៉ុណ្ណោះ)។ បន្ទាប់មកទៀតត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិទៅប្រគល់ជូនប្រធានមន្ទីសុរិយោដីស្រុកវិញ ដើម្បីហត្ថលេខាសម្រេច និង បោះត្រាបញ្ចប់ការផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិត្រឹមស្រុក។ តម្លៃសេវាសុរិយោដីស្រុកគឺចំនួន ២០ ម៉ឺនរៀលក្នុងដីមួយប្លង់ទោះបីធំ ឬតូចប៉ុនណាក៏ដោយ ដែលជាប្រភេទដីកសិកម្ម ។

ត្រឹមដំណាក់កាលនេះ អាចជាដំណាក់កាល ៥០% នៃដំណើរការផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ប៉ុន្តែប្លង់ដីដដែល គឺនៅតែជាប់ឈ្មោះម្ចាស់ដីដើមនៅឡើយ តែគ្រាន់តែមានលិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ និង លក់ផ្តាច់អមជាមួយដោយស្របច្បាប់ មានន័យអំណះអំណាងថា អ្នកបានទិញរួចហើយ។ អ្នកអាចបន្តដំណើរការកាត់ប្លង់ដីមកជាឈ្មោះអ្នក ដោយបន្តដំណាក់កាលតទៅមុខទៀតដូចតទៅ ៖

ចំពោះដំណាក់កាលចុងក្រោយ ប្រសិនបើអ្នកចង់បានឈ្មោះនៅលើប្លង់ដី ដែលអ្នកបានទិញពីម្ចាស់ដើម ដោយប្តូរឈ្មោះកម្មសិទ្ធិពីម្ចាស់ដើមមកជាឈ្មោះអ្នកវិញ គឺត្រូវអនុវត្តដូចខាងក្រោមនេះ ៖

៣. ម្ចាស់ដី ឬក៏ជាអ្នកទិញ ត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិ ដែលបានធ្វើរួចរាល់ពីការិយាល័យសុរិយោដីស្រុក យកទៅកាន់មន្ទីរសុរិយោដីខេត្តដើម្បីត្រួតពិនិត្យឡើងវិញ និងបោះត្រាបញ្ជាក់ថា មានឯកសារបញ្ជាក់លិខិតស្នាមគ្រប់គ្រាន់ និង អនុវត្តគ្រប់តាមនីតិវិធី។ រួចត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិទៅបង់ពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រ ប្រាក់ ៤% នៃតម្លៃដីតាមច្បាប់កំណត់នៅឯពន្ធដាខេត្ត ដោយរង់ចាំរយៈពេលមួយខែ ដើម្បីវាយតម្លៃដីក្នុងតំបន់។ បន្ទាប់ពីវាយតម្លៃដី និង គណនាពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រារួច ខាងពន្ធដាខេត្ត នឹងទាក់ទងទៅម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញដើម្បីមកបងពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រា ៤% រួចដកយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង ឯកសារផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិត្រឡប់មកវិញ។ បន្ទាប់ពីបានបង់ពន្ធប្រថាប់ត្រារួច ម្ចាស់ដី ឬអ្នកទិញត្រូវយកលិខិតលក់ផ្តាច់ ប្លង់ដីច្បាប់ដើម និង លិខិតផ្ទេរសិទ្ធិនោះ ទៅមន្ទីសុរិយោដីខេត្តវិញ ដើម្បីចុះហត្ថលេខា និង បោះត្រាសម្រេចដោយជោគជ័យពីប្លង់ដីឈ្មោះម្ចាស់ដើម មកឈ្មោះអ្នកទិញ ដោយបង់ថ្លៃសេវាចំនួន ២០ម៉ឺនរៀល ដើម្បីចេញជាប្លង់ដីថ្មី ជាឈ្មោះកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់អ្នកទិញ។ រយៈពេលទទួលបានប្លង់ថ្មីអាចចន្លោះពី៣ខែ ទៅ៦ខែ ។

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Perfect Competition

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Perfect Competion:

Perfectly Competitive Industry

Four things to remember when considering a perfectly competitive industry are

1. The profit-maximizing condition for perfectly competitive firms is MC = MR= P 

2. To determine profit or loss at the profit-maximizing level of output, subtract the average total cost at that level of output from the price and multiply the result by the output level.

3. Firms will shut down production if price falls below the minimum of their average variable costs.

4. A perfectly competitive firm is in long-run equilibrium only when it is earning zero economic profit, or when price equals the minimum of long-run average total costs.

Essential Keys: Finding Output, Price, and Profit

(Figure Below): To find a competitive firm’s price, level of output, and profit given a firm’s marginal cost curve and average total cost curve, use the following four steps: 

1. Determine the market price at which market supply and demand curves intersect. This is the price the competitive firm accepts for its products.

2. Draw the horizontal marginal revenue (MR) curve at the market price.

3. Determine the profit-maximizing level of output by finding the level of output where the MR and MC curves intersect.

 4. Determine profit by subtracting average total costs at the profit-maximizing level of output from the price and multiplying by the firm’s output.

If you are demonstrating profit graphically, find the point at which MC= MR.  Extend a line down to the ATC curve. Extend a line from this point to the vertical axis. To complete the box indicating profit, go up the vertical axis to the market price.

Summary of Perfect Competition

• The necessary conditions for perfect competition include: buyers and sellers are price takers, there are no barriers to entry, and firms’ products are identical.

• The profit-maximizing position of a competitive firm is where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

• The supply curve of a competitive firm is its marginal cost curve. Only competitive firms have supply curves.

•  To find the profit-maximizing level of output for a perfect competitor, find that level of output where MC= MR.  Profit is priceless average total cost times output at the profit-maximizing level of output.

• In the short run, competitive firms can make a profit or loss. In the long run, they make zero profits.

• Profit equals total revenue less total cost. Graphically, profit is the vertical distance between the price of the good and the ATC curve at the maximizing level of output times that level of output.

•  The shutdown price for a perfectly competitive firm is a price below average variable cost.

• The short-run market supply curve is the horizontal summation of the marginal cost curves for all firms in the market. An increase in the number of firms in the market shifts the market supply curve to the right, while a decrease shifts it to the left.

• Perfectly competitive firms make zero profit in the long run because if profit were being made, new firms would enter and the market price would decline, eliminating the profit. If losses were being made, firms would exit and the market price would rise.

•  The long-run supply curve is a schedule of quantities supplied where firms are making zero profit.

•  The slope of the long-run supply curve depends on what happens to factor prices when output increases.

• Constant-cost industries have horizontal long-run supply curves. Increasing-cost industries have upward-sloping long-run supply curves, and decreasing-cost industries have downward-sloping long-run supply curves.

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Mrs.ET Sopheak

Lecturer in Economics

Monopolistic Competition

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Monopolistic competition

Essential Keys: Finding a Monopolist’s Output, Price, and Profit 

To find a monopolist’s level of output, price, and profit,  follow these four steps:
1. Draw the marginal revenue curve.
2. Determine the output the monopolist will produce: The profit-maximizing level of output is where the MR  and  MC  curves intersect. 
3. Determine the price the monopolist will charge:  Extend a line from where  MR= MC  up to the demand curve. Where this line intersects the demand curve is the  monopolist’s price. 
4. Determine the profit the monopolist will earn: Subtract the  ATC  from price at the profit-maximizing level of  output to get profit per unit. Multiply profit per unit by quantity of output to get total profit.

Summary of Monopolistic competition

The monopolist uses the general rule that any firm must follow to maximize profit: Produce the quantity at which  MC =  MR

• If  MR > MC  ,  the monopolist gains profit by increasing output. 
• If  MR < MC  ,  the monopolist gains profit by decreasing output.
• If  MC = MR  ,  the monopolist is maximizing profit.

Thus,  MR= MC  is the profit-maximizing rule for a monopolist.

Monopolistic competition  is  a market structure in which there are many firms selling differentiated products and few barriers to entry.  The four distinguishing characteristics of monopolistic competition are:  
1. Many sellers: When there are only a few sellers, it’s reasonable to explicitly take into account your competitors’ reaction to the price you set. When there are many sellers, it isn’t. In monopolistic competition, firms don’t take into account rivals’ reactions.
2. Differentiated products: The “many sellers” characteristic gives monopolistic competition its competitive aspect. Product differentiation gives it its monopolistic aspect. In a monopolistically competitive market, the goods that are sold aren’t homogeneous, as in perfect competition; they are differentiated slightly
3. Multiple dimensions of competition: In perfect competition, price is the only dimension on which firms compete; in monopolistic competition, competition takes many forms. These multiple dimensions of competition make it much harder to analyze a specific industry, but the alternative methods of competition follow the same two general decision rules as price competition(comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits; and changing that dimension of competition until marginal costs equal marginal benefits.
4. Easy entry of new firms in the long run: Barriers to entry create the potential for long-run economic profit and prevent competitive pressures from pushing price down to average total cost. In monopolistic competition, if there were long-run economic profits, other firms would enter until no economic profit existed.

Monopolistic Competition (Figure above)
In ( a)  you can see that a monopolistically competitive firm prices in the same manner as a monopolist. It sets quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In ( b ) you can see that the  mono polistic competitor is not only a monopolist but also a competitor. Competition implies zero economic profit in the long run.

 A Comparison of Perfect and Monopolistic Competition

The perfect competitor in long-run equilibrium produces at a point where  MC= P= ATC.  At that point,  ATC  is at its minimum. A monopolistic competitor produces at a point where  MC= MR.  Price is higher than marginal cost. For a monopolistic competitor in long-run equilibrium: 

(P= ATC) is  bigger than or equal to (MC= MR) 

At that point,  ATC  is  not  at its minimum.

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Mrs.ET Sopheak

Lecturer in Economics

4 Economic Types

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Economic types

Economies are classified in 4 kinds:

1.Market economy (Free- market economy/ Capitalist market economy): All economic activities are decided by private sector although  it need public coordination. It means that all economic agents can do everything freely, but they have to respect public law and apply social responsibilities such as environmental and labor health, so on. A market economy is an economic system in which economic decisions and the pricing of goods and services are guided solely by the aggregate interactions of a country's individual citizens and businesses. There is little government intervention or central planning. This is the opposite of a centrally planned economy, in which government decisions drive most aspects of a country's economic activity.

2.Command economy (Centrally- planned economy/ Planned economy): All economic activities are planned by public sector. It means that the government plans what to produce, how many to produce, who to provide or get, how much to sell and so on. The command economy is a key feature of any communist society. Cuba, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union are examples of countries that have command economies, while China maintained a command economy for decades before transitioning to a mixed economy that features both communistic and capitalistic elements.

3.Mixed economy: An economic system are combined both market and command economies. A mixed economic system is a system that combines aspects of both capitalism and socialism. A mixed economic system protects private property and allows a level of economic freedom in the use of capital, but also allows for governments to interfere in economic activities in order to achieve social aims.They are 2 kinds such as Market-Mixed economy and Command- Mixed economy.

4.Traditional economy: An economic system is basic. There are not using all currencies in economic process. It means that All economic agents have all businesses in form of bartering. Traditional economy is an economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs help shape the goods and services the economy produces, as well as the rules and manner of their distribution. Countries that use this type of economic system are often rural and farm-based. Also known as a subsistence economy, a traditional economy is defined by bartering and trading.

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Mrs. Et Sopheak
Lecturer in Economics

Marketing Mix (8 P's: Target Marketing)

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Marketing Mix

The 8 P's of marketing are a set of key principles that belong at the very heart of your marketing strategy. They are sometimes jointly referred to as the marketing mix.

• Product - The Product should fit the task consumers want it for, it should work and it should be what the consumers are expecting to get.

• Place – The product should be available from where your target consumer finds it easiest to shop. This may be High Street, Mail Order or the more current option via e-commerce or an online shop.

• Price – The Product should always be seen as representing good value for money. This does not necessarily mean it should be the cheapest available; one of the main tenets of the marketing concept is that customers are usually happy to pay a little more for something that works really well for them.

• Promotion – Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling and, in more recent times, Social Media are all key communication tools for an organisation. These tools should be used to put across the organisation’s message to the correct audiences  in the manner they would most like to hear, whether it be informative or appealing to their emotions.

• People – All companies are reliant on the people who run them from front line Sales staff to the Managing Director. Having the right people is essential because they are as much a part of your business offering as the products/services you are offering.

• Processes –The delivery of your service is usually done with the customer present so how the service is delivered is once again part of what the consumer is paying for.Physical Evidence – Almost all services include some physical elements even if the bulk of what the consumer is paying for is intangible. For example a hair salon would provide their client with a completed hairdo and an insurance company would give their customers some form of printed material. Even if the material is not physically printed (in the case of PDFs) they are still receiving a “physical product” by this definition.

• Productivity & Quality - The P of productivity and quality asks “is what you’re offering your customer a good deal?” This is less about you as a business improving your own productivity for cost management, and more about how your company passes this onto its customers.

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Mrs.ET Sopheak

Lecturer in Economics

Economic Agents

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Economic Agents

In economics, an economic agent is an economic decision maker and they can recognize that different factors influence and motivate in different aspect of the economy. Economic agents are classified in 4

1.Household: A household consists of one (or more) people who live in the same dwelling and share meals. It may also consist of a single family or another group of people. Moreover, they supply labor to get salary from firms.

2.Firm: Firm is an economic agent whose role is to transform factors of production into goods and services to sell. Firms try to maximize their utility (economic benefits) for their shareholders. To achieve this, firms use factors of production (land, labor, and capital)to produce goods and services, creating value and wealth. They demand labor from families and provides them a salary. Firms employ capital (machines, vehicles, computers, etc) in exchange for an interest, and land for a rent. Finally, they offer goods and services for the families, others firms or the government.

3.Government: Government is an economic agent which provides rules for how firms and consumers should interact.  They offer goods and services (mostly public goods and services like roads or national security) through national companies or in association with private firms. Governments demand goods from firms and labor from families. Moreover, the governments tax them based on its income, profits, wealth, etc. They can regulate prices, limit or prohibit the consumption of certain goods, create tariffs, to imports, incentive production etc. Finally, they distribute the wealth through social services in education, health and poverty programs.

4.Foreign/ External Sector: The external sector is the portion of a country's economy that interacts with the economy of other countries. In the goods market, the external sector involves exports and imports. In the financial market it involves capital flows.

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Mrs.ET Sopheak

Lecturer in Economics 

GNP vs. GDP

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GDP vs. GNP

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and service produced during a given period within the geographic boundaries of a country regardless of by whom. The goods and services are produced domestically.
GDP (Expenditure= Income) is calculated by 3 methods:

1. Expenditure approach: GDP= C + I + G + ( X- M)
2. Income approach: GDP= W + R + I +P + C + T + D + N
3. Output approach: GDP= Gross Value of Output- Value of Intermediate Consumption

C: Consumption
I: Investment
G: Government expenses
X: Export
M: Import
W: Wage or compensation of employees
R: Rent
I: Interest
P: Proprietor income
C: Corporate profit
T: Indirect business tax
D: Depreciation
N: Net factor income (Net domestic income)= Outflow- Inflow

Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced during a given period by the citizens of a country no matter where they live. The goods and services are produced by the "national" of the country.

GNP= GDP+ Net Inflow

Net Inflow (Net national income)= Inflow- Outflow

Thanks,
Mrs.ET Sopheak
Lecturer in Economics